Corona virus

CORONA VIRUS

Corona viruses are a group of viruses that infect the respiratory tract of both humans and animals.

There are many different species of the virus. Human corona virus was discovered in 1965 and accounts for 10 percent to 30 percent of common colds.

The SARS outbreak in 2002 was believed to be caused by a new type of corona virus that was similar to the one that affects cats. Due to its contagious nature, SARS became a world epidemic, spreading to 32 countries and infecting 8,459 people. Many of the people who contracted SARS also developed pneumonia, and over 800 people died as a result of SARS.

THIS NEW CORONA VIRUS NOW KNOWN AS:-

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
This particular strain of coronavirus has not been previously identified in humans. 

• MERS-CoV is a new novel coronavirus that caused severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) first identified in Saudi Arabia in September 2012.
• MERS-CoV is a type of coronavirus, similar to the one that causedSARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) or the common cold. MERS-CoV has not been previously identified in humans. However, like the SARS virus, MERS-CoV is most similar to coronaviruses found in bats.
• The infection can be spread from person to person through respiratory secretions.
• Infected people have symptoms of a flu-like illness followed by an atypical pneumonia, including fever, dry cough, and severe shortness of breath. Gastrointestinal symptoms may also occur.
• Severely affected people experience respiratory failure and may need mechanical ventilation. Older people and those with underlying illnesses are at higher risk for severe disease.
• Similar to SARS, there is no medication that is known to treat MERS-CoV. Treatment is supportive.

How is MERS transmitted?

MERS-CoV is spread from person to person through respiratory droplet secretions

 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1. influenza with fever and a mild cough.

2 severe shortness of breath (dyspnea) and inability to maintain oxygenation (hypoxia).

3.Severely affected people develop a potentially fatal form of respiratory failure, known as adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARD orARDS).

4 In addition to the attacking the alveoli in the lungs, the virus also infects other organs in the body, causing kidney failure, inflammation of the heart sac (pericarditis), or severe systemic bleeding from disruption of the clotting system (disseminated intravascular coagulation). 

People with compromised immune systems such as severe rheumatoid arthritis or organ transplantation may not experience respiratory symptoms but can have fever or diarrhea.

Diagnosis

MERS-CoV is detected using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. On June 5, 2013, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the CDC Novel Coronavirus 2012 Real-time RT-PCR Assay. This test detects Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), formerly known as novel coronavirus 2012 or NCV-2012, in patients with signs and symptoms of MERS and appropriate risk factors. This assay is distributed by the CDC to qualified laboratories. The PCR is performed on a sample of respiratory secretions or blood.

When the patient's history makes the MERS diagnosis likely, these tests are done with the help of state and local public-health authorities, the CDC, and infectious-disease subspecialists. The CDC confirms all positive tests.

TREATMENT

patients with MERS-CoV often require oxygen supplementation, and severe cases require mechanical ventilation and intensive-care-unit support. No medication has been proven to treat MERS-CoV, and treatment is based upon the patient's medical condition(supportive treatment)

PREVENTION

 Frequent hand hygiene using soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, avoiding close contact with sick people, and avoidance of touching one's eyes, nose, and mouth can prevent the spread of viruses. Caregivers of patients who are not hospitalized should wear a face mask for direct care until the patient has recovered and perform frequent hand wash.

In hospital, suspected cases of MERS should be placed in airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIR) in which room exhaust is recirculated under high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration. If not available, the patient should be given a face mask and should be isolated in a single-patient room with the door closed. Staff assigned to the patient, and the patient's movements outside of the isolation area, should be minimized. Before entering the isolation room, health-care workers should wear a gown, gloves, eye shield, and a fit-tested NIOSH-certified disposable N95 filtering respirator; if an N95 mask or respirator is unavailable, a surgical mask should be worn. Before exiting the room, personal protective equipment should be discarded in the room. Hand hygiene must be performed with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer after exiting.

Kenacort Injection

INJECTION KENACORT


   IM,SC OR INTRA ARTICULAR INJECTION




 Kenacort Suspension for injection is a brand of medicine containing the active ingredient triamcinolone acetonide (corticosteroids)

KENACORT can also be used to treat painful muscles, joints or tendons by injecting directly into the painful site.

KENACORT can also be used to treat inflammatory skin lesions, psoriatic plaques & hair loss by injecting directly into the lesion or by sub-cutaneous injection.

The way that KENACORT works is complicated. Put simply, KENACORT suppresses inflammation and swelling and relieves pain. However, it does not cure the underlying problem.

allerfin injection

allerfin injection (Chlorpheniramine Maleate)

10/mg/ml im/slow iv

 Allerfin used to treat allergic conditions such as  runny nose,food allergy,insect bites, itching skin and skin rashes,urticaria,allergic dermatitis,contact dermatitis. It is  also used in the prevention and treatment of inner ear disorders (eg Meniere's disease) and  travel sickness.

Allerfin is one of a group of medicines called 'antihistamines' which works by blocking the action of histamine.

side effect of voltaren injection (DICLOFENAC)

voltaren injection (DICLOFENAC) side effects

75 MG / 3 ML im

What are the possible side effects of Diclofenac?

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Stop using diclofenac and call your doctor at once if you have:

• sudden numbness or weakness (especially on one side of the body), sudden severe headache, slurred speech, problems with vision or balance
• chest pain, sudden cough, wheezing, rapid breathing
• bloody or tarry stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds
• little or no urinating
• swelling, rapid weight gain
• nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, diarrhea, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)
• bruising, severe tingling, numbness, pain, muscle weakness
• pale skin, feeling light-headed or short of breath, rapid heart rate, trouble concentrating
• fever, neck stiffness, increased sensitivity to light, purple spots on the skin, and/or seizure (convulsions); or
• severe skin reaction -- fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain, followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling

Common side effects may include:

• upset stomach, mild heartburn or stomach pain, bloating, gas
• mild diarrhea, constipation
• dizziness, mild headache
• mild skin rash; or
• ringing in your ears

voltaren injection

voltaren injection (DICLOFENAC)

75 MG / 3 ML im

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This medicine works by reducing substances in the body that cause pain and inflammation.

Diclofenac is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis.

Diclofenac powder (Cambia) is used to treat a migraine headache attack. 

ULNA FRACTURE AFTER 2 WEEKS

 ULNA FRACTURE 1 ST DAY AND AFTER 2 WEEKS

What is an ulna fracture?

The ulna is one of two bones of the forearm. The two bones of the forearm, the radius and the ulna, both span the distance from the elbow to the wrist joints.




What is the treatment of an ulna fracture?

Isolated ulna fractures can most often be treated with a cast or fracture brace. Usually a period of immobilization will allow the bone to heal adequately.

FRACTURE DISTAL END OF RT RADIUS AND STYLOID PROCESS OF ULNA

# DISTAL END OF RT RADIUS  & STYLOID PROCESS OF ULNA

A fracture of the distal radius or ulna (wrist fracture) is a break in one or two bones of the distal forearm near where they form part of the wrist joint. The radius is the bone located on the thumb side of the forearm, and the ulna is the bone located on the side of the small finger.

Such fractures usually involve not only the ends of the bone but also injury to the many small ligaments in the wrist. This may further decrease stability of the wrist joint and create problems with functioning of the wrist and hand.

KUB LT DJ-STENT.

LT DJ-STENT (X-ray KUB  )


DJ Stent or Ureteric stent , is a thin tube inserted into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of the urine flow from the kidney

COMPLICATION/SIDE EFFECTS...

*INFECTION
*BLOOD IN URNE
*PAIN IN THE KIDNEY,BLADDER AND GROIN
*BLOOD IN URINE
*INCREASE URGENCY AND 
*FREQUENCY OF URINE

"These effects are generally temporary and disappear with the removal of the stent"

CLICK DOWN-->

REMOVAL OF STENT

#PROXIMAL PHALANX OF LITTLE TOE

Toe fractures are relatively common and frequently managed by primary care and emergency physicians
    Toe fractures most frequently are caused by a crushing injury or axial force such as stubbing a toe. Joint hyperextension and stress fractures are less common. Most patients have point tenderness at the fracture site or pain with gentle axial loading of the digit. Anteroposterior and oblique radiographs generally are most useful for identifying fractures, determining displacement, and evaluating adjacent phalanges and digits. Referral is indicated in patients with circulatory compromise, open fractures, significant soft tissue injury, fracture-dislocations, displaced intra-articular fractures, or fractures of the first toe that are unstable or involve more than 25 percent of the joint surface. Most children with fractures of the physis should be referred, but children with selected nondisplaced Salter-Harris types I and II fractures may be treated by family physicians. Stable, nondisplaced toe fractures should be treated with buddy taping and a rigid-sole shoe to limit joint movement. Displaced fractures of the lesser toes should be treated with reduction and buddy taping. Patients with displaced fractures of the first toe often require referral for stabilization of the reduction.

# BASE OF 5th METACARPAL

Metacarpal  fractures

Metacarpal fractures are common  Fractures of the base of the metacarpal bones may be the result of direct or indirect trauma.

Metacarpal base fractures

Metacarpal base fracture require reduction if there is greater than 2 mm of articular surface displacement or if there is significant angular deformity or dislocation of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint. Anesthesia for the reduction is usually accomplished by conscious sedation or regional block, as local hematoma block is usually inadequate. The reduction is accomplished using a combination of traction and direct digital pressure, usually by the physician's thumb. The wrist should be splinted in 20-30° of extension after reduction in order to decrease the deforming pull of the wrist extensors, and the MCP joints should be flexed.

Fractures through the base of the 5th metacarpal require special consideration. These fractures are often intra-articular, with the fracture line between the insertion of the strong intermetacarpal ligaments and the insertion of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon. The pull of the ECU becomes a deforming force, causing the fractured metacarpal to displace proximally and dorsally. This is similar to the Bennett fracture of the thumb ("reverse Bennett fracture"). Fracture management usually requires open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Minimally or nondisplaced fractures should be splinted in the same manner described for other CMC injuries.

Immobilization of reduced metacarpal base fractures or nondisplaced fractures should be continued for a minimum of 3 to 4 weeks. Active motion of the finger IP joints should be encouraged throughout the immobilization period.

SICKLECELL ANEMIA PRESENTATION